Hamwe niterambere ryiterambere ryubukungu bwigihugu na siyanse nikoranabuhanga, gaze zikoreshwa cyane mubice bitandukanye nkinganda zimiti, metallurgie, icyogajuru no kurengera ibidukikije.Nka shami ryingenzi ryinganda za gaze, rifite uruhare muguhuza no kwizeza ubuziranenge kumusaruro winganda.Gazi isanzwe (nanone yitwa gazi ya kalibrasi) nikintu gisanzwe gisanzwe, nikintu kimwe cyane, gihamye kandi cyuzuye.Muri gahunda yo gukurikirana ibidukikije, gaze isanzwe irashobora gukoreshwa muguhindura igikoresho cyo gupima no kugenzura mugihe cya gahunda yo kugenzura ubuziranenge.Gukoresha neza gaze isanzwe itanga garanti yingenzi ya tekiniki kugirango ibizamini bisuzumwe neza kandi byizewe.
1 Imiterere yimirimo yo gukurikirana ibidukikije
1.1 Gukurikirana ibintu
1) Inkomoko y’umwanda.
2) Ibidukikije:
Ibidukikije muri rusange birimo ibintu bikurikira: umubiri wamazi;ikirere;urusaku;ubutaka;imyaka;ibikomoka ku mazi;ibikomoka ku bworozi;ibintu bikoresha radiyo;amashanyarazi;ubutaka;kwangiza ubutaka n'ubutayu;ibimera byo mu mashyamba;ibidukikije.
1.2 Gukurikirana ibirimo
Ibikubiye mu gukurikirana ibidukikije biterwa nintego yo gukurikirana.Muri rusange, ibikubiye mu kugenzura bigomba kugenwa hakurikijwe ibintu bizwi cyangwa biteganijwe byanduye mu karere, ikoreshwa ry’ibidukikije byakurikiranwe, hamwe n’ibisabwa n’ibipimo by’ibidukikije.Muri icyo gihe, kugira ngo dusuzume ibyavuye mu gupima no kugereranya uko ikwirakwizwa ry’imyanda ihumanye, hagomba no gupimwa ibipimo bimwe na bimwe by’ikirere cyangwa ibipimo bya hydrologiya.
1) Ibiri mu gukurikirana ikirere;
2) Ibiri mu kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’amazi;
3) Gukuramo ibice bikurikirana;
4) Ibiri mu butaka no gukurikirana ibimera;
5) Ibirimo bigomba gukurikiranwa nkuko biteganywa n’ibiro bishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije by’inama y’igihugu.
1.3 Intego yo gukurikirana
Gukurikirana ibidukikije ni ishingiro ry’imicungire y’ibidukikije n’ubushakashatsi mu bya siyansi y’ibidukikije, n’ishingiro ry’ingenzi mu gushyiraho amategeko arengera ibidukikije.Intego nyamukuru zo gukurikirana ibidukikije ni:
1) Suzuma ubuziranenge bwibidukikije no guhanura impinduka z’ubuziranenge bw’ibidukikije;
2) Gutanga ishingiro rya siyansi mu gushyiraho amabwiriza y’ibidukikije, ibipimo, igenamigambi ry’ibidukikije, n’ingamba zuzuye zo gukumira no kurwanya ibidukikije;
3) Gukusanya agaciro k’ibidukikije hamwe n’imihindagurikire y’imihindagurikire, gukusanya amakuru y’igihe kirekire yo gukurikirana, no gutanga ishingiro ry’ubumenyi mu kurinda ubuzima bw’abantu no gukoresha neza umutungo kamere, no gufata neza ubushobozi bw’ibidukikije;
4) Kugaragaza ibibazo bishya bidukikije, kumenya ibintu bishya byanduye, no gutanga icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi bwibidukikije.
2 Gukoresha imyuka isanzwe mugukurikirana ibidukikije
Mu kugenzura imyanda ituruka ku myanda ihumanya ikirere, uburyo bwo gupima imyuka ihumanya gaze nka dioxyde de sulfure na okiside ya azote yashyize ahagaragara ibisabwa bisobanutse kandi byihariye kugira ngo igenzurwa ry’ibikoresho, kandi ibikubiyemo birimo amakosa yerekana, gutandukana kwa sisitemu, drift zero, na span drift.Uburyo bwa sulfur dioxyde yanyuma kandi busaba ubushakashatsi bwa interineti bwa karubone.Byongeye kandi, isuzuma ngarukamwaka ry’igihugu hamwe n’isuzuma ry’intara bigomba kwakira gaze isanzwe icupa binyuze mu iposita, itanga ibisabwa cyane mu gukoresha gaze isanzwe.Muri kalibrasi isanzwe, uburyo bwa silinderi bukoreshwa mu kwinjiza mu buryo butaziguye abasesengura kugira ngo babone ibisubizo byo gupimwa, gusesengura ibitera ikosa ryerekana, no gushungura ibintu bitameze neza bitera gutandukana mu bisubizo byo gupima, bishobora kuzamura ubwizerwe nukuri kwamakuru yikurikiranabikorwa, no kurushaho kunoza Nibyiza gutanga amakuru meza ninkunga ya tekiniki ishami rishinzwe kugenzura ibidukikije.Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumakosa yerekana harimo ubukana bwikirere, ibikoresho byumuyoboro, ibintu bisanzwe bya gaze, umuvuduko wa gazi nibipimo bya silinderi, nibindi. Ibintu bitandatu bikurikira bikurikira biraganirwaho kandi bigasesengurwa umwe umwe.
2.1 Kugenzura ubukana bwikirere
Mbere yo guhinduranya ibikoresho byo kugenzura hamwe na gaze isanzwe, hagomba kubanza kugenzurwa ubukana bwumwuka winzira ya gaze.Ubukomezi bwumuvuduko ugabanya valve hamwe no gutemba kumurongo watewe inshinge nimpamvu nyamukuru zitera kumeneka kumurongo watewe inshinge, bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumyizerere yamakuru ya sample isanzwe, cyane cyane kubisubizo byumubare muto- gazi isanzwe.Kubwibyo, ubukana bwumwuka wumuyoboro wicyitegererezo bigomba kugenzurwa neza mbere yoguhindura gaze isanzwe.Uburyo bwo kugenzura buroroshye cyane.Kugerageza gazi ya flue, ihuza gazi ya flue yinjira mubikoresho hamwe no gusohoka k'umuvuduko ugabanya valve unyuze kumurongo w'icyitegererezo.Utabanje gufungura valve ya silindiri isanzwe, niba icyitegererezo cyibikoresho byerekana agaciro Kumanuka muri 2min byerekana ko umwuka wujuje ibyangombwa.
2.2 Guhitamo neza umuyoboro wa gazi
Nyuma yo gutsinda igenzura ryikirere, ugomba kwitondera guhitamo umuyoboro wa gazi.Kugeza ubu, uruganda rukora ibikoresho rwatoranije imyuka yo gufata ikirere mugihe cyo kugabura, kandi ibikoresho birimo tike ya latex na silicone.Kubera ko imiyoboro ya latex idashobora kurwanya okiside, ubushyuhe bwinshi no kwangirika, imiyoboro ya silicone ikoreshwa muri iki gihe.Ibiranga umuyoboro wa silicone ni mwinshi kandi mukurwanya ubushyuhe buke, kurwanya ruswa, kurengera ibidukikije 100%, nibindi, kandi biroroshye cyane kubikoresha.Icyakora, imiyoboro ya reberi nayo ifite aho igarukira, cyane cyane kuri gaze kama kama na gaze irimo sulfure, kandi ubwikorezi bwayo nabwo burakomeye cyane, ntabwo rero ari byiza gukoresha amoko yose ya reberi nk'imiyoboro y'icyitegererezo., bizatera kubogama kwinshi mubisubizo byamakuru.Birasabwa gukoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye nkumuringa wumuringa, ibyuma bitagira umuyonga, hamwe nigituba cya PTFE ukurikije imiterere ya gaze zitandukanye.Kuri gaze isanzwe hamwe na gaze ntangarugero irimo sulfure, nibyiza gukoresha umuyoboro wa quartz ushyizwemo ibyuma bitagira umuyonga cyangwa sulfure-passiwasi itagira ibyuma.
2.3 Ubwiza bwa gaze isanzwe
Nkigice cyingenzi cyikurikiranwa ryagaciro, ubwiza bwa gaze isanzwe bujyanye nukuri kwibizamini hamwe nibisubizo bya kalibrasi.Umwanda wa gazi fatizo zifite isuku nyinshi nimpamvu yingenzi ituma ubwiza bwa gaze isanzwe igabanuka, kandi nigice cyingenzi cyane mubidashidikanywaho bya synthesis isanzwe.Kubwibyo, mumasoko asanzwe, birakenewe guhitamo ibyo bice bifite uruhare nubushobozi runaka mu nganda kandi bifite imbaraga zikomeye, no kubona gaze zisanzwe zemejwe nishami ryigihugu ryipima kandi rifite ibyemezo.Byongeye kandi, gaze isanzwe igomba kwitondera ubushyuhe bwibidukikije mugihe cyo kuyikoresha, kandi ubushyuhe imbere no hanze ya silinderi bugomba kuba bujuje ibisabwa mbere yo kubikoresha.
2.4 Ingaruka yumuvuduko wa gazi isanzwe kubikoresho byerekana kalibrasi
Ukurikije formulaire yo kubara agaciro kateganijwe kokubika gazi ya Calibibasi: C kalibrasi = C isanzwe × F isanzwe / F kalibrasi, birashobora kugaragara ko mugihe igipimo cyogutemba cyibikoresho bipima gaze ya flue gikosowe, agaciro ka kalibrasi ni bijyanye na gazi ya kalibrasi.Niba umuvuduko wa gazi ya silinderi irenze igipimo cyogutwarwa na pompe yibikoresho, agaciro ka kalibrasi kazaba hejuru, kurundi ruhande, mugihe umuvuduko wa gazi ya gaze ya silindiri uri munsi yikigereranyo cyogutwarwa nigikoresho pompe, kalibrasi agaciro izaba munsi.Kubwibyo, mugihe uhinduranya igikoresho hamwe na gaze isanzwe ya silinderi, menya neza ko umuvuduko wikigereranyo cya rotameter ihindagurika ijyanye nigipimo cyogupima gaze ya gazi ya flue, ishobora kunonosora neza kalibibikoresho.
2.5 Guhindura ingingo nyinshi
Iyo witabiriye isuzumabumenyi rya gazi ihuriweho n’igihugu cyangwa isuzuma ry’intara, kugira ngo hamenyekane niba amakuru y’ibizamini by’isesengura ry’imyuka y’amazi, hashobora gukurikizwa ingingo nyinshi kugira ngo hemezwe umurongo w’isesengura rya gaz.Guhindura ingingo-nyinshi ni ukureba agaciro kerekana igikoresho cyisesengura hamwe na gaze nyinshi zisanzwe zo kwibandaho, kugirango tumenye neza ko umurongo wigikoresho ugera neza.Noneho hamwe noguhindura ibipimo byuburyo bwikizamini, haribindi byinshi bisabwa kurwego rwa gaze isanzwe.Kugirango ubone imyuka itandukanye ya gazi isanzwe yibitekerezo bitandukanye, urashobora kugura icupa rya gaze isanzwe hamwe nubunini bwinshi, hanyuma ukayikwirakwiza muri gaze isanzwe ikenewe binyuze mubikwirakwiza gasanzwe.gazi ya kalibrasi.
2.6 Gucunga silinderi ya gaze
Ku micungire ya silindiri ya gaze, ibintu bitatu bigomba kwitabwaho.Mbere ya byose, mugihe cyo gukoresha silindiri ya gaze, hagomba kwitonderwa kugirango harebwe igitutu runaka gisigaye, gaze muri silinderi ntigomba gukoreshwa, kandi igitutu gisigaye cya gaze yapanze igomba kuba irenze cyangwa ingana na 0.05 MPa.Urebye imikorere ya kalibrasi no kugenzura imikorere ya gaze isanzwe, ifitanye isano nukuri kubikorwa nyirizina, birasabwa ko umuvuduko usigaye wa silindiri ya gaze muri rusange ari 0.2MPa.Byongeye kandi, silindiri isanzwe igomba kugenzurwa buri gihe kugirango umutekano ukorwe hakurikijwe ibipimo byigihugu.Imyuka ya gaze nka azote (gaze ya zeru) hamwe na gaze zidashobora kwangirika zifite imyuka irenze cyangwa ingana na 99,999% irakenewe kubikorwa bya buri munsi byo gukurikirana ibidukikije.Igenzura 1 ku mwaka.Amashanyarazi ya gaze yangiza ibikoresho byumubiri wa silinderi asabwa kugenzurwa buri myaka 2.Icya kabiri, mugikorwa cyo gukoresha no kubika buri munsi, silindiri ya gaze igomba gushyirwaho neza kugirango birinde kwangirika no kumeneka biterwa no kujugunywa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-10-2022